StudentMed

 The glories of  Alexandria — the Greek city founded in  Egypt in 331 BC by Alexander the Great — were its Library, which may have contained some 700,000 volumes, and its Museum ( ‘house of the Muses’), a publicly-funded research in situ te. There was very little  Egyptian influence in these Hellenistic enclaves, but the Ptolemaic rulers did allow the dissection of human corpses (and perhaps even live criminals), a taboo among the Greeks.  Herophilus, who lived in the 3rd century BC, was the first true anatomist, discovering and naming the prostate and the duodenum (from the Greek for ‘12 fingers ’, this breadth being the length of what he found ). He also distinguished arteries from nerves, and sensory from motor nerves and carried out the first methodical investigation of the brain. His contemporary Erasistratus did not hold with the four senses of humor theory. When he dissected the heart and found it had four one-way valves, he surmised that at it was a pump...

  So, yes the much-awaited vaccines are finally here!!!!! The above line itself is a controversy, let us get to the point straight. At first, the general public was so hyped about the vaccine to be made. There were several who took so much interest in the lacking healthcare system, there was criticism for doctors, nurses, the frontline workers, the police, the administration, in one or other way there still is, but we have to understand that there is no drill that occurs in the whole world every now and then for a pandemic, right. Every country and every administrative service all over the world did the best they could. Yes, it could have been better but many things in the world could have been better but we have to learn that we are humans and we have to learn through things. Nobody in their right mind ever asked for the pandemic. When globally we were in the initial phase of the pandemic playing our part staying home, there were people out there who were still helping and there...

    MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE GENERAL ANESTHESIA General anesthesia has been around for more than 170 years but the exact mechanism of action of how it works is still unknown to us. What we have are theories. But in recent years thanks to the technologies and extensive research we have been supplanted by the unitary method which targets the molecular level of the organ like the CNS at different levels. What does the anesthetics do with the CNS?   Mostly they affect the different cellular locations of the neuron most of which is the synapse. In the synapse, they alter the pre and postsynaptic locations. If they act at the presynaptic locations then they alter the release of the neurotransmitters and if they alter the postsynaptic neuron then they change the frequency of the impulse conduction. At the organ level, it means that there will be an inhibition strengthen or weakened excitation of the central nervous system and thus the stimulus will not be interpreted...

    Types of immunity   There are basically two categories of immunity broadly divided they are innate and adapted. INNATE IMMUNITY Innate immunity is present in our body from birth and it is basically a generalized type of immunity. Innate immunity act upon all kinds of particles that invade the host cells. Or can penetrate to the host tissues. In innate immunity, the first line of defense is provided by epithelial barriers of the skin and mucosal tissues and by cells and natural antibiotics present in epithelia, all of which function to block the entry of microbes.   If microbes do breach epithelia and enter the tissues or circulation, they are attacked by phagocytes, specialized lymphocytes called innate lymphoid cells, which include natural killer cells, and several plasma proteins, including the proteins of the complement system. All these cells react when there is a microbe invasion in our body. The innate immunity act as a frontline barrier in t...

  Immunity What is immunity?   Why do we not get sick so often compared to the number of organisms we get in contact with? What are the basic functions of the immune system and how does it work So, the resistance to any kind of disease or to the causative organism that might cause the disease is the basic definition of immunity. There are many cells tissues and organs that take part to provide immunity in our body and collectively they are called the  immune system.   The process of achieving the immunity by the cells and the organ is called the immune response. The study of the all three immunity, immune system, and the immune response mechanism   is called  immunology. The most important function of the immune system is to protect our body from infectious diseases. There are other functions too like our immune system helps the body to reduce the growth of tumors, it also helps in the initiation of tissue repair and also in the clearance of...

  What is anesthesia? Since when are we using anesthesia? What do anesthetists do to make us sleep? What function do these medications do? Is anesthesia only making us sleep or does it do any other functions? Have u ever undergone any kind of surgery in which the doctor sedated you? There are many people who have surgeries done because of various reasons. Many of those surgeries are painful and if it were to be done when we are in our natural senses we would not be able to survive the pain, sight, and even the feeling of the surgery. To prevent all of that people began using anesthesia. The surgeon could better have access to the patient. The patient would not feel the pain of him or her being cut open and would not see the organs and blood if not a fan of those kinds of scenarios. History Anesthesia has been going on along with surgery for centuries. The initial forms of anesthesia were basically derived from natural sources. those were plants like cannabis, mand...

  PITFALLS IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM There have been remarkable improvements in the field of technology and it has left its masks in the medical area too There have been too many advancements in the medical field itself too. the advancing medicine has lead to the emerging of way too many subspecialties in many fields. Those subspecialties provide us with a deeper knowledge of the specified field and thus more and more effective treatment can be given.  The subspecialties have been giving us better knowledge and treatment opportunities but there are some pitfalls that we cannot neglect. In the case of cardiology, there are many subspecialties  Subspecialties of the cardiology field include  1. cardiac  electrophysiology  2. echocardiography  3.  interventional cardiology  4. nuclear cardiology. There are a few reasons that the increase in the number of subspecialties in the cardiovascular field has lead to some consequences. They are as fol...